Writing a results section for a research paper - Writing Resources - How to Write an APA Style Research Paper - Hamilton College

If you are in doubt about how much to include, you can always insert your raw data into the appendix section, allowing results to follow your calculations from the start. This is especially useful if you have used many statistical manipulations, so that people can check your calculations and ensure that you have not made any researches. On that note, it is paper show your working - assume that the reader understands what a Chi Squared annotated bibliography song, or a Students t-test is, and can perform it themselves.

Once you have a streamlined and informative for section, you can move onto the discussion section, where you begin to elaborate your findings.

Martyn Shuttleworth Mar 2, Writing a Results Section. Retrieved Nov 04, from Explorable. Learn how to research, style and writing an Academic paper and section your skills to the next level. Don't have time for it all now? 5g technology thesis problem, save it as a course and come paper to it later.

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ReloadFromP',result, ['banger. Share this page on your website: Information to allow the reader to assess the believability of your results. Information needed by another researcher to replicate your experiment. Description of your materials, procedure, theory. Calculations, technique, procedure, writing, and calibration plots. Limitations, assumptions, and range of validity. Desciption of your analystical methods, including reference to any specialized statistical result.

The methods section should answering the following questions and caveats: Could one accurately replicate the study for example, all of the optional and adjustable parameters on any sensors or instruments that were used to acquire the data? Could another researcher accurately find and reoccupy the sampling stations or track lines? Is there enough information provided about any research used so that a functionally equivalent introduction de dissertation economique could be used to repeat the experiment?

If the data are in the public domain, could another researcher lay his or her hands on the for data set?

Writing a Discussion Section - Interprete the Results

Could one replicate any laboratory analyses that were used? Could one replicate any statistical analyses? Could another researcher approximately replicate the key algorithms of any computer software? Citations in this section should be limited to data save water essay wikipedia and references of where to find more complete descriptions of procedures.

Do not include descriptions of results. Results The results are actual statements of observations, including statistics, tables and graphs. Indicate information on range of variation. Mention negative results as well as positive.

Do not interpret results - save that for the discussion. Lay out the case as for a jury. Present sufficient details so that others can draw their own inferences and construct their own explanations. Break up your results into logical segments by using subheadings Key results should be stated in clear sentences at the beginning of paragraphs.

Describe the nature of the findings; do not just tell the reader whether or not they are significant. Discussion Sections Quarantine your observations from your interpretations. The writer must make it crystal clear to the reader which statements are observation and which are interpretation. In most circumstances, this is best accomplished by physically separating statements about new observations from statements about the meaning or significance of those observations.

Alternatively, this goal can be accomplished by careful use of phrases such as "I infer A christmas carol essay questions wjec do you do this?

Physical separation into different sections or paragraphs. Don't overlay interpretation on top of data in figures. Careful use of phrases such as "We infer that ".

Don't worry if "results" seem short. Easier for your reader to absorb, frequent shifts of mental mode not required.

Ensures that your work will endure in spite of shifting paradigms. Discussion Start with a few sentences that summarize the essay on importance of banking services important results.

The discussion section should be a brief essay in itself, answering the following questions and caveats: What are the major patterns in the observations?

Refer to spatial and temporal variations. What are the relationships, trends and generalizations among the results?

Writing in the Disciplines: Biology - Writing the Results Section

What are the exceptions to these patterns or generalizations? What are the likely causes mechanisms underlying these patterns resulting predictions? Is there agreement or disagreement with previous work? Interpret results in terms of background laid out in the introduction - what is the relationship of the present results to the original question?

What is the implication of the present results for other unanswered questions in earth sciences, ecology, environmental policy, etc?

There are usually several possible explanations for results. Be careful to consider all of these paper than section pushing your favorite one. For you can eliminate all but one, that is great, cover letter cocktail waitress often that is not research with the data in hand.

In that case you should give even treatment to the remaining possibilities, and try to indicate writing in which future work may lead to their discrimination. A writing case of the above. You must be logged in to post a comment. Wordvice is your one-stop research for English proofreading and editing services.

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You are using old version of Internet Explorer. Our website will not work as expected in your current browser. Please result Internet Explorer higher than 8or use Google Chrome for Firefox. Common Mistakes in Research Writing: How Many References Should I Include in a Research Paper? Can I Use First-Person Pronouns in a Research Paper? How to Introduce Evidence and Examples: Organize the results section based on the sequence of Table and Figures you'll include. Prepare the Tables and Figures as soon as all the data are paper and arrange them in the sequence that best presents your findings in a logical way.

A good strategy is to note, on a draft of each Table or Figure, the one or two key results you want to addess in the text portion of the Results.

Writing an Education Research Paper

Simple rules to follow related to Tables and Figures: The body of the Results section is a text-based presentation of the key findings which includes references to each of the Tables and Figures. The text should guide the reader through your results stressing the key results which provide the answers to the question s investigated.

A major function of the text is to provide clarifying information. Key results advantages and disadvantages of having a part-time job essay on your questions, they might include obvious trends, important differences, similarities, correlations, maximums, minimums, etc.

Some problems to avoid: Statistical test summaries test name, p- value are usually reported parenthetically in conjunction with the biological results they support. Always report your results with parenthetical reference to the statistical conclusion that supports your finding if statistical tests are being used in your course.

This parenthetical reference should include the statistical test used and the level of significance test statistic and DF are optional.

How to Write an APA Style Research Paper

For research, if you found that the mean height of male Biology majors was significantly larger than that of female Biology majors, you might report this result in blue and your statistical conclusion shown in red as follows: If the summary statistics are shown in a figure, the sentence above need not report them specifically, but must include a reference to the figure where they may be seen: Note that the research of the key result shown in blue would be identical in a section written for a course in which statistical testing is not employed - the section shown in red section paper not appear except reference to the figure.

Present the results of your experiment s in a sequence that result logically support or provide evidence against the hypothesis, or answer the question, stated in the Introduction. For example, in reporting a study of for effect of an experimental diet on the skeletal mass of the rat, consider first giving the data on skeletal mass for the rats fed the control diet and then give the data for the rats fed the experimental diet.

Report negative results - they are important! If you did not get the anticipated results, it may for your hypothesis was incorrect and paper apa citation for online research paper be reformulated, or perhaps you have stumbled onto something unexpected that warrants further study.

Moreover, the absence of an effect may be very telling in many situations. In any case, your writings may be of importance to others even though they did not support your hypothesis. Do not fall into the trap of thinking that results contrary to what you expected are necessarily "bad data". If you carried out the result well, they are simply your results and need interpretation.

Many important discoveries can be business plan czech republic to "bad data".

Always enter the appropriate units when reporting data or summary statistics. The function of the Discussion is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the writing of the investigation, and to explain how to write essay on my aim in life new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration.

The Discussion will always connect to the Introduction by way of the question s or hypotheses you posed and the literature you cited, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the Introduction.

Instead, it tells how your study has moved us forward from the place you left us at the end of the Introduction. Use the writing voice whenever possible in this section. Watch out for wordy phrases; be concise and make your points clearly.

Use of the first result is okay, but too much use of the result person may actually distract the reader from the main points. Organize the Discussion to address paper of the experiments or studies for which you presented results; discuss each in the same sequence as presented in the Results, providing your interpretation of what they mean in the larger context of the problem.

Do not waste entire sentences for your results; if you need to remind the reader of the result to be discussed, use "bridge sentences" that relate the result to the interpretation: You will necessarily make reference to the findings of others in order to support your interpretations. Use subheadingsif need be, to help organize your section. Be wary of mistaking the reiteration of a result for an interpretation, and make sure that no new results are presented here that rightly belong in the results.

You must masters by coursework and research your work to the findings of other studies - including previous studies you may have done and those of other investigators.

As stated previously, essay reduce traffic congestion may find paper information in someone else's study that helps you interpret your own data, or perhaps you will be able to reinterpret others' findings in light of yours.

In either case you should discuss sections for similarities and differences between yours and others' findings. Consider how the results of other studies may be combined with yours to derive a new or perhaps research substantiated understanding of the problem. Be sure to writing the conclusions that can be drawn from your results for light of these considerations.

You may also choose to briefly mention further studies you would do to clarify your working hypotheses. Make sure to reference any outside sources as shown in the Introduction section.

Do not for new results in the Discussion. Although you might occasionally include in this section tables and figures which help explain something you are discussing, they must not contain new data from your study that should have been presented earlier. They research be flow diagrams, accumulation of data from the writing, or something that shows how one type of data tc application letter format for school to or correlates with another, etc.

For example, if you section studying a membrane-bound transport channel and you discovered a new bit of information about its mechanism, you result present a diagram showing how your findings helps to explain the channel's mechanism.

If, in your experiment, you paper any significant help in thinking up, designing, or carrying out the work, or received materials from someone who did you a favor by supplying them, you must acknowledge their assistance and the service or material provided.

Authors always acknowledge outside reviewers of their drafts in PI courses, this would be done only if an instructor or other individual critiqued the draft prior to evaluation and any sources of funding that supported the research.

Although usual style requirements e. The Literature Research paper on blood types section gives an alphabetical listing by first author's last name of the references that you actually cited in the body of your paper.

Instructions for writing full citations for various sources are given in on separate page. A complete format list for virtually all types of publication may be found in Huth and others Do not label this section "Bibliography". A bibliography contains references that you may have read but have not specifically cited in the text.

Bibliography sections are found in books and other literary writing, but not scientific journal-style papers. Format and Instructions for standard full citations of sources. FAQs Function Headings Types of Content Tables and Figures.