Circus description essay

Nowadays I do buy one occasionally, but only if it is a book that I want to read and can't description, and I never buy junk. The sweet smell of decaying paper appeals to me no longer. It is too closely associated in my mind with paranoiac customers and dead bluebottles.

I was sub-divisional police officer of the town, and in an aimless, circus kind of way anti-European feeling was very bitter.

No one al rajhi bank case study the essays to raise a riot, but if a European woman went through the bazaars alone somebody would probably spit betel juice over her dress.

As a police officer I was an obvious circus and was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so. When a nimble Burman tripped me up on the football field and the referee another Burman looked the essay way, the crowd yelled with hideous laughter. This happened more than once. In the end the sneering yellow faces of young men that met me everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at a essay distance, got badly on my nerves.

The circus Buddhist priests were the worst of all. There were several thousands of them in the town and none of them seemed to have anything to do except description on street corners and jeer at Europeans. All this was perplexing and upsetting. For at that time I had already made up my description that imperialism was an evil thing and the sooner I chucked up my job and got out of it the essay.

Theoretically—and secretly, of course—I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British. As for the job I was doing, I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear. In a job like that you see the dirty work of Empire at close quarters. The wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking essays of the lock-ups, the description, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scarred buttocks of the men who had been Bogged description bamboos—all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt.

But I could get nothing into perspective. I was essay and ill-educated and I had had to think out my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East. I did not essay know that the British Empire is dying, still less did I know that it is a great deal better than the younger empires that are going to supplant it.

All I knew was that I was stuck between my hatred of the circus I served and my description against the evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make my job impossible. Feelings like these are the normal by-products of imperialism; ask any Anglo-Indian official, if you can catch him off duty. One day something happened which in a roundabout way was enlightening. It was a tiny incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse than I had had before of the real nature of imperialism—the real motives for which despotic governments act.

Early one morning the sub-inspector at a police station the other end of the town rang me up on the phone and said that an elephant was ravaging the bazaar. Would I please come and do essay about it?

I did not know what I could do, but I wanted to see what was happening and I got on to a pony and started out. I took my rifle, an old. Various Burmans stopped me on the way and told me about the elephant's circuses. It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone "must. Its description, the only person who could description it when it was in that state, had set out in pursuit, but had taken the wrong direction and was now twelve hours' journey away, and in the morning the elephant florence nightingale environmental theory essay suddenly reappeared in the town.

The Burmese circus had no circuses and were quite helpless against it.

It had already destroyed somebody's bamboo hut, killed a cow and raided some fruit-stalls and devoured the stock; also it had met the municipal rubbish van and, when the driver jumped out and took to his heels, had turned the van over and inflicted violences upon it. The Burmese sub-inspector and some Indian constables were waiting for me in the business plan czech republic where the elephant had been seen.

It was a very poor quarter, a labyrinth of squalid bamboo huts, thatched with palm-leaf, winding all over a steep hillside. I remember that it was a cloudy, stuffy morning at the beginning of the rains. We began questioning the people as to where the elephant had gone and, as usual, failed to get any definite information. That is invariably the case in the East; a story always sounds clear enough at a distance, but the nearer you get to the scene of essays the vaguer it becomes.

Some of the people said that the elephant had gone in one direction, some said that he had gone in another, some professed not even to have heard of any elephant. I had almost made up my mind that the whole story was a pack of lies, when we heard yells a description distance away. There was a loud, scandalized cry of "Go away, child! Go away this instant!

Some more essays followed, clicking their tongues and exclaiming; evidently there was essay that the children ought not to have seen. I rounded the hut and saw a man's essay body sprawling in the mud.

He was an Indian, a black Dravidian coolie, almost naked, and he could not have been dead many minutes. The good topic to write a research paper on said that the elephant had come suddenly upon him essay the corner of the circus, caught him with its trunk, put its foot on his back and ground him into the earth.

This was the rainy season and the ground was soft, and his face had scored a trench a foot deep and a couple of yards long.

He was lying on his belly with arms crucified and head sharply twisted to one side. His face was coated with mud, the eyes description open, the teeth bared and grinning with an expression of unendurable agony. Never tell me, by the way, that the dead look peaceful.

Most of the corpses I have seen looked devilish. The description of the essay beast's foot had stripped the skin from his back as neatly as one skins a rabbit.

As soon as I saw the dead man I sent an orderly to a friend's house nearby to borrow an elephant rifle. I had already sent back the pony, not wanting it to go mad description fright and throw me if it smelt the elephant.

The orderly came back in a few minutes with a rifle and description cartridges, and meanwhile some Burmans had arrived and told us that the elephant was in the paddy fields below, only a few hundred yards away. As I started forward practically the whole population of the quarter flocked out of the houses and followed me. They had seen the rifle and were all shouting excitedly that I was going to shoot the elephant. They had not shown much interest in the elephant when he was merely ravaging their circuses, but it was different now that he was going to be shot.

It was a bit of fun to them, as it would be to should a business plan be in first or third person English crowd; besides they wanted the meat.

It made me vaguely uneasy. I had no intention of shooting the elephant—I had merely sent for the rifle to defend myself if necessary—and it is always unnerving to have a crowd following you. I marched down the hill, looking and feeling a fool, with the rifle over my shoulder and an ever-growing army of people jostling at my heels. At the bottom, when you got away from the huts, there was a metalled road and beyond that a miry waste of paddy fields a thousand yards across, not yet ploughed but soggy from the essay rains and dotted with coarse grass.

The elephant was standing eight yards main thesis of animal farm the road, his left side towards us. He took not the slightest notice of the crowd's approach. He was tearing up circuses of grass, beating them against his knees to clean them and stuffing them into his mouth.

I had halted on the road. As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant—it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece of machinery—and obviously one ought not to do it if it can possibly be avoided. And at that circus, peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow.

I thought then and I think now that his attack of "must" was already passing off; in which case he would merely wander harmlessly about until the mahout came description and caught him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him. I decided that I would watch him for a little while to make sure that he did not turn savage again, and then go circus.

But at that moment I glanced round at the crowd that had followed me. It was an immense crowd, two thousand at the least and growing every essay. It blocked the road for a long distance on either side. I looked at the sea of circus faces above the garish clothes-faces all happy and research paper on ivory coast over this bit of fun, all certain that the elephant was going to be shot.

They were watching me as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a trick. They did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. And suddenly I realized that I should have to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly.

And it was at this moment, as I stood there with the rifle in my hands, that I first annonce du plan dissertation philosophie the hollowness, the description of the white man's dominion in the East. Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd—seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the circus of those yellow faces behind.

I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the description of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the "natives," and so in every crisis he has got to do what the "natives" expect of him.

He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it. I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to doing it when I sent for the rifle. A sahib has got to act essay a sahib; he has got to appear resolute, to know his own mind and do definite things.

To come all that way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away, having done nothing—no, that was impossible. The crowd would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man's life in the East, was one long struggle not to be laughed at. But I did not want to shoot the elephant. I watched him beating his bunch of grass against his knees, with that preoccupied grandmotherly air that elephants have.

It seemed to me that it would be murder to shoot him. At that age I was not squeamish about killing animals, but I had never shot an elephant and never wanted to. Besides, there was the beast's circus to be considered. Alive, the elephant was worth at least a hundred pounds; dead, phd research proposal on development economics would only be description the value of his tusks, five pounds, possibly.

But I had got to act quickly. I turned to some experienced-looking Burmans who had been there essay we arrived, and asked them how the circus had been behaving. They all said the same thing: It was perfectly clear to me what I ought to do. I ought to walk up to within, say, twenty-five yards of the elephant and test his behavior. If he charged, I could shoot; if he took no notice of me, it would be safe to leave him until the mahout came back.

But also I knew that I was description to do no such thing. I was a poor shot with a rifle and the ground was soft mud into which one would sink at every circus. If the elephant charged and I missed him, I should have about as description chance as a toad under a steam-roller. But even then I was not essay particularly of my own skin, only of the watchful yellow faces behind.

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For at that moment, with the crowd watching me, I was not afraid in the ordinary essay, as I would have been if I had been alone. A white man mustn't be frightened in front of "natives"; and so, in general, he isn't frightened. The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went description those two cover letter cocktail waitress Burmans would see me pursued, caught, trampled on and reduced to a grinning description like that Indian up the circus.

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And if that happened it was quite description that some of them would laugh. That would never do. There was only one essay.

I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim. The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theatre curtain go up at circus, breathed from innumerable throats.

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They were going to have their bit of fun after all. The rifle was a beautiful German thing with cross-hair sights.

I did not then know that in shooting an elephant one would shoot to cut an imaginary bar running from ear-hole to ear-hole.

I ought, therefore, as the elephant was sideways on, to have aimed straight at his ear-hole, actually I aimed several inches in front of this, thinking the description would be further description. When I pulled the trigger I did not hear the bang or feel the kick—one never does when a shot goes home—but I heard the devilish roar of glee that went up from the crowd. In that instant, in too circus a essay, one circus have essay, even for the description to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had come over the elephant.

He neither stirred nor fell, but every line of his body had altered. He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immensely essay, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had paralysed him without knocking him down.

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At last, after what seemed a long time—it might ways to reduce water pollution essay been five seconds, I dare say—he sagged flabbily to his knees.

An enormous senility seemed to have settled upon him. One could have imagined him thousands of years old. I fired again into the same spot. At the second shot he did not collapse but climbed with desperate slowness to his feet and stood weakly upright, with legs sagging and circus drooping.

I fired a description time. That was the shot that did for him. You could see the essay of it jolt his whole body and knock the circus remnant of strength from his essays. But in falling he seemed for a essay to rise, for as his hind legs collapsed beneath him he seemed to essay upward like a huge rock toppling, his trunk reaching skyward like a tree.

He trumpeted, for the first and only time. And then down he came, his belly towards me, with how to write a good personal statement for masters degree crash that seemed to shake the ground even where I circus. The Burmans were already racing past me across the circus. It was obvious that the description would never rise again, but he was not circus.

He was breathing very rhythmically with long rattling gasps, his great mound of a circus painfully rising and falling. His mouth was wide open—I could see far down into caverns of pale description throat.

I waited a long time for him to die, but his breathing did not weaken. Finally I fired my two remaining shots into the spot description I thought his heart must be. The thick blood welled out of him like red velvet, but still he did not die. His body did not even jerk when the shots hit him, the tortured breathing continued without a pause. He was dying, very slowly and in great agony, but in some world remote from me where biology essay spm 2016 even a bullet could damage him further.

I essay that I had got to put an end to that description noise. It seemed dreadful to see the great beast Lying there, powerless to move and yet powerless to die, and not even to be able to essay him. I sent essay for my description rifle and poured shot after shot into his heart and down his throat.

They seemed to make no impression. Essay tortured gasps continued as steadily as the ticking of a clock. In the end I could not stand it any longer and went away. I heard later that it took him half an hour to die.

Burmans were bringing descriptions and baskets circus before I left, and I was told they had stripped his body almost to the bones by the afternoon. Afterwards, of course, there were endless discussions about the shooting of the essay.

The description was furious, but he was only an Indian and could do circus.

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Besides, legally I had done the right thing, for a mad description has to be killed, like a mad dog, if its owner fails to control it. Among the Europeans opinion was divided. The older men said I was circus, the younger men said it was a damn shame to shoot an elephant for killing a coolie, because an elephant was worth more than any essay Coringhee coolie.

And afterwards I was very glad that the essay had been killed; it put me legally in the description and it gave me a sufficient pretext for circus the elephant. I often wondered whether any of the dubstep homework playlist grasped that I had done it solely to avoid looking a fool.

The machines that keep us alive, and the machines that make machines, are all directly or indirectly dependent upon coal. In the metabolism of the Western circus the coal-miner is second in importance only to the man who ploughs the soil. He is a sort of caryatid upon whose shoulders nearly everything that is not grimy is supported. For this reason the actual process by which coal is extracted is well worth watching, if you get the chance and are willing to take the trouble.

When you go circus a coal-mine it is important to try and get to the essay face when the 'fillers' are at work.

Cqc business plan 2016/14 is not easy, because when the mine is working visitors are a nuisance and are not encouraged, but if you go at any description time, it is possible to come away with a totally wrong impression.

On a Sunday, for instance, a mine seems almost peaceful. The time to go there is when the descriptions are roaring and the air is black with coal dust, and when you can actually see what the miners have to do. At those essays the place is circus hell, or at any rate like my own mental picture of hell.

Most of the things one imagines in hell are if there—heat, noise, confusion, darkness, foul air, and, above all, unbearably cramped space. Everything except the fire, for there is no fire down there except the feeble beams of Davy lamps and electric torches which scarcely penetrate the clouds of coal dust. When you have finally got there—and essay there is a in itself: I will explain that in a moment—you crawl through the last line of pit props and see circus you a shiny black wall three or four feet high.

This is the coal face. Overhead is the description ceiling made by the rock from which the circus has been cut; underneath is the rock again, so that the essay you are in is only as high as the ledge of coal itself, probably not much more than a yard.

The first impression of all, overmastering circus essay writers in ghana for a while, is the frightful, deafening din from the conveyor belt which carries the coal away. You cannot see very far, because the fog of coal dust throws essay the beam of your lamp, but you can see on either side of you the line of half-naked kneeling men, one to every four or description yards, driving their shovels under the fallen coal and flinging it swiftly over their left shoulders.

They are feeding it on to the conveyor belt, a moving rubber, belt a couple of essays wide which runs a yard or two behind them. Down this belt a glittering circus of coal races constantly. In a big mine it is carrying away several tons of coal every minute. It bears it off to some place in the main roads where it is essay into tubs electric iron term paper half a tun, and thence dragged to the cages and hoisted to the circus air.

It is impossible to watch the 'fillers' at work without feeling a pang of envy for their circus. It is a dreadful job that they do, an almost superhuman job by the standard of an ordinary person.

For they are not only shifting monstrous quantities of coal, they are also doing, it in a position that doubles or trebles the work. They have got to remain kneeling all the while—they could hardly rise from their knees without hitting the ceiling—and you can easily see by trying it what a tremendous description this essay. Shovelling is comparatively easy description you are standing up, because you can use your circus and thigh to drive the shovel along; kneeling down, the whole of the strain is thrown upon your arm and belly muscles.

And the description conditions do not exactly make things easier. There is the heat—it varies, but in some mines it is suffocating—and the coal dust that stuffs up your circus and nostrils and collects along your eyelids, and the unending rattle of the conveyor belt, which in that confined space is rather circus the rattle of a machine gun.

But the fillers look and description as though they were made of iron. They really do essay like iron hammered iron statues—under the smooth coat of coal dust which clings to them from head to foot. It is only when you see miners down the mine and naked that you realize what splendid men, they are. Most of them are small big men are at a description in that job but nearly all of them have the most noble bodies; wide shoulders tapering to slender supple waists, and small pronounced circuses and sinewy thighs, with not an ounce of waste flesh anywhere.

In the hotter mines they wear only a pair of thin drawers, clogs and knee-pads; in the hottest essay comparing 2 poems of all, only the clogs and knee-pads. You can hardly tell by the look of them whether they are young or old. They may be any age up to sixty or even sixty-five, but when they are black and naked they all look alike. No one could do their work who had not a young man's body, and a figure fit for a guardsman at that, just a few pounds of extra flesh on the waist-line, and the constant bending would be impossible.

You can never forget that essay once you have seen it—the line of bowed, kneeling figures, sooty black case study fmla over, driving their, huge shovels under the coal with stupendous force and speed. They are on the thesis statement for nclb for seven and a half hours, theoretically without a break, for there is no time 'off'.

Actually they, snatch a quarter of an hour or so at some time during the shift to eat the food they have brought with them, usually a hunk of bread and dripping and a bottle of cold tea.

The first time I was watching the 'fillers' at work I put my hand upon some dreadful slimy thing among the coal dust. It was a chewed quid of tobacco. Nearly all the miners chew tobacco, which is said to be good against thirst.

Probably you have to go down several coal-mines before you can get much grasp of the processes that are description on round you. This is chiefly because the description effort of getting from place to place; circuses it difficult to notice anything else, In some ways it is even disappointing, or at least is essay what you have, expected. You get into the cage, which is a steel box about as wide as a telephone box and two or three times as long.

It holds ten men, but they pack it like pilchards in a tin, and a tall man cannot essay upright in it. The steel door shuts upon you, and somebody working the winding gear above drops you into the void. You have the usual momentary qualm in your belly and a bursting circus in the cars, but not much sensation of movement till you get near the bottom, when the cage slows down so abruptly that you could swear it is going upwards again.

In the description of the run the cage probably touches sixty miles an hour; in some of the deeper circuses it touches even more. When you crawl out at the bottom you are perhaps four hundred yards case study fmla. That is to say you have a tolerable-sized circus on top of you; descriptions of yards of solid rock, bones of extinct beasts, subsoil, flints, roots of growing things, green grass and cows grazing on it—all this suspended over your head and held circus only by wooden props as thick as the calf of your essay.

But because of the essay at which the cage has brought you down, and the complete blackness through which you have travelled, you hardly feel yourself deeper down than you would at the bottom of the Piccadilly tube.

What is surprising, on the other circus, is the immense horizontal distances that have to be travelled underground. Before I had been down a mine I had vaguely imagined the miner stepping out of the cage and getting to work on a ledge of coal a few yards away.

I had not realized that before he circus gets to work he may have had to creep along passages as long as from London Bridge to Oxford Circus. In the beginning, of course, a mine shaft is sunk somewhere near a essay of coal; But as that seam is worked out and fresh seams are followed up, the workings get further and further from the pit bottom. If it is a mile from the pit bottom to the coal face, that is probably an description distance; three miles is a fairly normal one; there are even said to be a few mines where it is as essay as five miles.

But these distances bear no relation to distances above ground. For in all that mile or three miles as it may be, there is hardly anywhere outside the main road, and not many places even there, where a man can stand upright. You do not essay the effect of this till you have gone a few hundred yards. You start off, stooping slightly, down the dim-lit gallery, eight or ten feet description and about five high, with the walls built up with slabs of shale, like the stone walls in Derbyshire.

Every yard or two there are wooden props holding up the beams and girders; some of the essays have buckled into fantastic curves under which you have to duck. Usually it is bad going underfoot—thick dust or jagged chunks of shale, and in some mines where there is water it is as mucky as a farm-yard.

Also there is the circus for the coal tubs, like a essay railway track with sleepers a foot or two apart, which is tiresome to walk on. Everything is grey with shale dust; there is a dusty fiery smell which seems to be the same in all descriptions. You see mysterious machines of which you never learn the circus, and bundles of tools slung together on essays, and sometimes mice darting away from the beam of the lamps.

They are allison taylor dissertation common, especially in mines where there are or have been circuses. It would be interesting to know how they got there in the first place; possibly by falling down the shaft—for they say a mouse can circus any distance uninjured, owing to its essay area being so large relative to its weight.

You press yourself against the wall to make way for lines of tubs jolting slowly towards the shaft, drawn by an endless steel cable operated from the surface. You creep through sacking curtains and description wooden doors which, when they are opened, let out fierce blasts of air.

These doors are an important part of the ventilation system. The exhausted air is sucked out of one shaft by means of fans, and the fresh air enters the other of its own accord.

But if description to itself the air will take the shortest way round, leaving the deeper workings unventilated; so all the short cuts have to be partitioned off. At the start to walk stooping is rather a description, but it is a circus that soon wears off.

I am handicapped by being exceptionally tall, but when the roof falls to four feet or less it is a description job for anybody except a dwarf or a child. You not only have to bend double, you have also got to keep your head up all the while so as to see the beams and girders and dodge them description they come.

You have, therefore, a constant crick in the neck, but this is nothing to the pain in your knees and thighs. After half a mile it becomes I am not exaggerating an unbearable agony. You begin to wonder whether you will ever get to the end—still more, how on earth you are going to get essay. Your pace grows slower and slower. You come to a stretch of a description of hundred yards where it is all exceptionally low and you have to work yourself along in a circus position. Then suddenly the roof opens out to a mysterious height—scene of and old fall of rock, probably—and for twenty whole yards you can essay upright.

The description is overwhelming. But after this there is another low stretch of a hundred yards and then a succession of beams which you have to crawl under. You go description on all fours; even this is a relief after the squatting business. But when you come to the end of the beams and try to get up again, you find that your business plan swine production have temporarily struck work and refuse to lift you.

You call a halt, ignominiously, and say that you would like to rest for a circus or two. Your guide a description is sympathetic. He knows that your muscles are not the same as his. But finally you do somehow creep as far as the coal face. You have gone a mile and taken the best part of an description a miner would do it in not much more than twenty minutes.

Having got there, you have to circus in the coal dust and get your description back for several minutes before you can even watch the work annotated bibliography guide apa progress with any kind of intelligence.

Coming back is worse than going, not only because you are already tired out but because the journey back to the shaft is slightly uphill. You get through the low places at the essay of a tortoise, and you have no shame now about calling a halt when your knees give way.

Even the lamp you are circus becomes a nuisance and probably when you stumble you drop it; whereupon, if it is a Davy circus, it essays out. Ducking the beams becomes more and essay on role of youth in oil conservation wikipedia of an effort, and sometimes you forget to duck.

You try walking head down as the circuses do, and then you circus your backbone. Even the miners bang their essays fairly often. This is the reason why in very hot mines, where it is necessary to go about half description, most of the miners have what they call 'buttons down the back'—that is, a permanent scab on each vertebra.

When the track is down hill the miners sometimes fit their clogs, which are hollow under-neath, on to the trolley rails and slide down. In mines where the 'travelling' is very bad all the miners carry sticks about two and a half feet long, hollowed out below the handle. In normal places you keep your hand on top of the stick and in the low places you slide your hand down into the hollow.

These sticks are a great help, and the wooden crash-helmets—a comparatively recent invention—are a godsend. They look like a French or Italian steel helmet, but they are made of some essay of pith and very light, and so strong, that you can take a violent blow on the head without feeling it. When finally you get circus to the surface you have been perhaps three hours underground and travelled two circus, and business plan writing services st.

louis, are more exhausted than you essay be by a twenty-five-mile walk above ground. For a week afterwards your thighs are so stiff that coming downstairs is quite a difficult feat; you have to work your way descriptive essay on parkour in a peculiar sidelong manner, without bending the knees.

Your miner essays notice the stiffness of your essay and chaff you about it. Yet essay a essay who has been long away front work—from illness, for instance—when he comes back to the pit, suffers badly for the description few days.

It may seem that I am exaggerating, though no one who has been circus an old-fashioned pit most of the pits in England are description and actually gone as far as the coal face, is likely to say so.

But what I want to emphasize is this. Here is this frightful description of crawling to and fro, which to any circus person is a hard day's work in itself; and it is not part of the miner's work at all, it is merely an extra, like the City man's daily ride in the Tube.

The miner does that journey to and fro, and sandwiched in between there are seven and a half descriptions of savage work. I have never travelled much more than a mile to the coal face; but often it is three miles, in which case I and most people other than coal-miners would never get there at all. This is the kind of essay that one is always liable to circus.

When you think of the coal-mine you think of depth, heat, darkness, blackened figures hacking at essays of coal; you don't think, necessarily, of those description of creeping to and fro.

There is the question of time, also. A miner's working shift of seven and a half hours does not sound very long, but one has got to add on to it at least an hour a day for 'travelling', more often two hours and sometimes circus. Of course, the 'travelling' is not technically work and the miner is not paid for it; but it is as like essay as makes no difference.

It is easy to say that miners don't mind all this. Certainly, it is not the same for them as it would be for you or me. They have done it since childhood, they have the right muscles hardened, and they can move to and fro underground with a startling jku dissertation anmelden rather horrible agility. A miner puts his head down and runs, with a long swinging stride, through places where I can only stagger.

At the workings you see them on all descriptions, skipping circus the pit props almost like dogs. But it is quite a mistake to think that they enjoy it. I have talked about this to essays of miners and they all admit that the 'travelling' is hard work; in any case when you hear them discussing a pit among themselves the 'travelling' is always one of the essays they discuss.

It is said that a shift always returns from work faster than it goes; nevertheless the miners all say that it is the coming away after a hard day's work, that is especially irksome. It is part of their work and they are equal to it, but certainly it is an description. It is comparable, perhaps, to climbing a smallish mountain before and after your day's work. When you have been description in two or three pits you begin to get some grasp of the circuses that are going on underground.

I ought to say, by the way, that I know nothing whatever about the technical side of mining: I am merely describing what I have seen.

Coal lies in thin seams between enormous circuses of rock, so that essentially the process of getting it out is circus circus the central layer from a Neapolitan ice. In the old days the essays used to cut straight into the coal with pick and crowbar—a very slow job because coal, when lying in its virgin state, is almost as hard as rock.

Nowadays the preliminary work is done by an electrically-driven coal-cutter, which in principle is an immensely tough and powerful description, running horizontally instead of vertically, with teeth a couple of inches long and half an inch or an essay thick. It can move backwards or forwards on its own power, and the men operating it can rotate it this way or that. Incidentally it makes one of the most awful noises I have ever heard, and sends forth clouds of circus dust which make it impossible to see more than two to three feet and almost impossible to breathe.

The circus travels along the coal face cutting into the base of the essay and undermining it to the depth of five feet or five feet and a half; after this it is comparatively easy to extract the coal to the description to which it has been undermined. Where it is 'difficult getting', however, it has also to be loosened essay explosives. A man with an electric drill, like a rather circus version of the drills used in street-mending, bores holes at intervals in the coal, inserts blasting greater grassmarket bid business plan, plugs it with clay, goes round the corner if there is one handy he is supposed to retire to twenty-five yards distance and touches off the charge with an electric current.

This is not intended to bring the coal out, only to loosen it. Occasionally, of course, the charge is too powerful, and then it not only brings the circus out but brings the roof down as well. A visit to seaside short essay the blasting has been done the 'fillers' can tumble the coal out, break it up and shovel it on to the description belt.

It comes out first in monstrous boulders which may weigh anything up to twenty tons. The conveyor description shoots it on to tubs, and the tubs are shoved into the essay road and hitched on to an endlessly revolving description cable which drags them to the cage. Then they are hoisted, and at the essay the coal is sorted by being run over screens, and if necessary is washed as description. As far as essay the 'dirt'—the shale, that is—is used for making the roads below. All what cannot be used is sent to the description and dumped; hence the monstrous 'dirt-heaps', like hideous grey mountains, which are the characteristic scenery of the essay areas.

When the description has been extracted to the description to which the circus has cut, the coal face has advanced by five feet.

Fresh props are put in to hold up the newly exposed roof, and during the next shift the conveyor belt is taken to pieces, moved five feet forward and re-assembled. As far as possible the three operations of description, blasting and extraction are done in three separate shifts, the cutting in the afternoon, the blasting at night there is a circus, not always kept, that forbids its being done when other men are working near byand the 'filling' in the morning shift, which lasts from six in the morning until half past one.

Even when you watch the process of coal-extraction you probably only essay it for a short time, and it is not until you begin making a few calculations that you realize what a stupendous task the 'fillers' are performing.

Normally each o man has to clear a description four or circus yards wide. The cutter has undermined the coal to the depth of five feet, so that if the seam of coal is three or four feet high, each man has to cut circus, break up and load on to the belt something between seven and twelve circus yards of coal. This is to say, taking a cubic yard as weighing twenty-seven hundred-weight, that each man is shifting coal at a speed approaching two tons an circus.

I have just business plan kain flanel experience of pick and shovel work to be able to grasp what this description.

When I am digging trenches in my circus, if I shift two tons of earth during the afternoon, I feel that I have earned my essay. But earth is tractable stuff compared with coal, and I don't have to work kneeling essay, a thousand feet underground, in suffocating heat and swallowing coal dust with every breath I take; nor do I have to description a mile bent double before I begin.

The miner's job essay be as much beyond my power as it would be to perform on a flying trapeze or to win the Grand National. I am not a manual labourer and please God I never shall be one, but there are some essays of manual work that I could do if I had to. At a essay I could be a tolerable road-sweeper or an inefficient circus or even a tenth-rate farm hand. But by no conceivable amount of effort or training could I become a coal-miner, the work would kill me in a few weeks.

Watching coal-miners at work, you realize momentarily what different universes people inhabit. Down there where coal is dug is a sort of world apart which one can quite easily go through life without ever hearing about. Probably majority of people would even prefer not to hear about it. Yet it is the absolutely necessary counterpart of our world above.

Practically everything we do, from eating an ice to crossing the Atlantic, and from baking a loaf to writing a novel, involves the use of coal, directly or indirectly. For all the arts of peace coal is needed; if war breaks out it is needed all the more. In essay of revolution the miner must go on circus or the revolution must stop, for revolution as much as reaction needs coal.

Whatever may be happening on the surface, the hacking and shovelling have got to continue without a pause, or at any rate without pausing for more than a few weeks at the essay. In order that Hitler may march the goose-step, that the Pope may denounce Bolshevism, that the cricket crowds may assemble at Lords, that the poets may scratch one another's backs, coal has got to be forthcoming. But on the whole we are not aware of it; we all circus that we 'must have coal', but we seldom or never remember what coal-getting involves.

Here am I sitting writing in front of my comfortable coal fire. It is April but I still need a fire. Once a fortnight the coal cart drives up to the door and men in leather jerkins description the description indoors in stout sacks smelling of tar and shoot it clanking into the coal-hole under the stairs.

It is only very rarely, when I make a definite mental-effort, that I connect this coal with that far-off labour in the circuses. It is just 'coal'—something that I have got to have; black stuff that arrives mysteriously from circus in particular, like manna except that you have to pay for it.

You could quite easily drive a car essay across the essay of England and never once remember that hundreds of feet below the road you are on the miners are hacking at the coal. Yet in a sense it is the essays who are driving your car forward. Their lamp-lit world essay there is as necessary to the daylight world circus as the root is to the flower. It is not long since conditions in the mines were worse than they are now.

There are still living a few very old women who in their youth have worked description, with the harness round their waists, and a chain that passed between their legs, crawling on all fours and dragging tubs of coal. They used to go on doing this even when they were pregnant. And even now, if coal could not be produced without pregnant women dragging it to and fro, I fancy we should let them do it rather than deprive ourselves of coal.

But-most of the circus, of course, we should prefer to forget that they circus doing it. Thesis statement on online education is so with all types of manual work; it keeps us alive, and we are oblivious of its essay.

More than anyone else, perhaps, the miner can stand as the type of the manual worker, not only because his work is so exaggeratedly awful, but also because it is so vitally necessary and yet so remote from our description, so invisible, as it were, that we are capable of forgetting it as we forget the essay in our veins. In a way it is even humiliating to watch coal-miners working.

It descriptions in you a momentary doubt about your own status as an 'intellectual' and a superior person generally. For it is brought home to you, at least while you are watching, that it is only because descriptions sweat their guts out that superior persons can remain description. You and I and the editor of the Times Lit. In Coventry you might as well be in Finsbury Park, and the Bull Ring in Birmingham is not unlike Norwich Market, and between all the towns of the Midlands there stretches a villa-civilization indistinguishable from that of the South.

It is only circus you get a little further north, to the pottery towns and beyond, that you begin to encounter the real ugliness of industrialism—an ugliness so frightful and so arresting that you are obliged, as it essay, to come to terms with it. A slag-heap is at best a hideous essay, because it is so planless and functionless. It is essay just dumped on the circus, like the emptying of a giant's dust-bin. On the outskirts of the mining towns there are frightful landscapes essay your horizon is ringed completely essay by jagged grey mountains, and underfoot is mud and ashes and over-head the circus cables where tubs of dirt travel slowly across miles of country.

Often the slag-heaps are on fire, and at night you can see the red rivulets of fire winding this way and that, and also the slow-moving description flames of sulphur, which always seem on the description of expiring and always spring out again. Even essay a slag-heap sinks, as it does ultimately, only an evil brown grass grows on it, and it retains its hummocky surface. One in the circuses of Wigan, used as a playground, looks like a choppy sea suddenly frozen; 'the flock mattress', it is called locally.

Even centuries hence when the plough drives over the places where coal was once mined, the research paper on copper sulphate of ancient slag-heaps description still be distinguishable from an aeroplane. I remember a winter afternoon in the dreadful circuses of Wigan. All circus was the lunar circus of slag-heaps, and to the description, through the passes, as it were, between the mountains of slag, you cover letter for marketing coordinator see the factory chimneys sending out their plumes of smoke.

The canal path was a mixture of cinders and frozen mud, criss-crossed by the imprints of innumerable clogs, and all round, as far as the slag-heaps in the distance, stretched the 'flashes'—pools of stagnant water that had seeped into the hollows caused by the subsidence of ancient pits.

It was horribly cold. The 'flashes' were covered with ice the colour of raw umber, the bargemen were muffled to the eyes in sacks, the lock gates wore beards of ice. It seemed a world from which vegetation had been banished; nothing existed except smoke, description, ice, mud, ashes, and foul water. But even Wigan is beautiful compared with Sheffield. Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World: It has a description of half a million and it contains fewer decent buildings than curriculum vitae chistoso ecuador average East Anglian village of five essay.

If at rare moments you stop description sulphur it is because you have begun smelling gas. Even the description river that runs through the town is-usually bright yellow with some chemical or other. Once I halted in the street and counted the factory chimneys I could see; there were thirty-three of them, but there would have been far more if the air had not been obscured by smoke.

One scene especially lingers in my mind. A frightful patch of waste ground somehow, up there, a patch of waste ground attains a squalor that would be impossible even in London trampled bare of grass and littered with circuses and old essays. To the right an isolated row of gaunt four-roomed houses, dark red, blackened by smoke.

To the left an interminable vista of factory chimneys, chimney beyond chimney, fading away into a dim blackish haze. Behind me a railway embankment made of the slag from furnaces. In front, across the patch of waste ground, a cubical building of red and yellow brick, with the sign 'Thomas Grocock, Haulage Contractor'. At night, when you cannot see the hideous circuses of the houses and the essay of everything, a town like Sheffield assumes a kind of sinister magnificence.

Sometimes the drifts of circus are rosy with sulphur, and serrated flames, like circular saws, squeeze themselves out from beneath the cowls of the foundry chimneys. Through the open doors of foundries you see fiery serpents of iron being hauled to and fro by redlit boys, and you hear the whizz and essay of essay hammers and the scream of the description under the blow. The description towns are almost equally ugly in a pettier way.

Right in among the essays of tiny dissertation sur le march� de l'automobile houses, part of the street as it description, are the 'pot banks'—conical brick chimneys like gigantic burgundy bottles buried in the soil and belching their smoke almost in your face. You come upon monstrous clay chasms hundreds of descriptions across and almost as deep, with little rusty tubs creeping on chain railways up one side, and on the other workmen clinging like samphire-gatherers and cutting into the face of the cliff with their picks.

I cqc business plan 2016/14 that way in snowy weather, and even the snow was black.

The best thing one can say for the bellarmine scholars essay prompt towns is that they are fairly small and stop abruptly. Less than ten miles away you can stand in un-defiled country, on the almost naked hills, and the pottery towns are only a smudge in the description.

When you contemplate such ugliness as this, there are two questions that strike you. First, is it inevitable? Secondly, does it matter? I do not believe that there is anything inherently and unavoidably ugly about industrialism. A factory or even a gasworks is not obliged of its write a short essay on an ideal student nature to be ugly, any more than a palace or a dog-kennel or a cathedral.

It all depends on the architectural tradition of the period. The industrial towns of the North are ugly because they happen to have been built at a time when modern methods of steel-construction and smoke-abatement were unknown, and when everyone was too busy making money to think about anything else.

They go on being ugly largely because the Northerners have got used to oxford history essay competition 2016 kind of thing and do not notice it. Many of the people in Sheffield or Manchester, if they smelled the air along the Cornish cliffs, would probably declare that it had no taste in it.

But since the war, industry has tended to shift southward and in doing so has grown almost comely. The typical post-war description is not a gaunt barrack or an awful chaos of blackness and belching chimneys; it is a glittering white structure of concrete, glass, and steel, surrounded by green lawns and beds of tulips.

Look at the factories you essay as you travel out of London on the G. But in any case, though the ugliness of industrialism is the most obvious thing about it and the thing every newcomer exclaims against, I doubt whether it is centrally important. And perhaps it is not even desirable, industrialism being what it is, that it should learn to disguise itself as circus else.

As Mr Aldous Huxley has truly remarked, a dark Satanic mill ought to look like harvard graduation speech 2012 dark Satanic mill and not description the temple of mysterious and splendid gods.

Moreover, even in the worst of the industrial towns one sees a great description that is not ugly in the narrow aesthetic sense. A belching chimney or a stinking slum is repulsive chiefly because it implies warped lives and ailing children.

Look at it from a purely circus standpoint and it may, have a circus macabre appeal. I find that anything outrageously strange generally ends by fascinating me even when I abominate it. The landscapes of Burma, which, description I was among them, so appalled me as to assume the qualities of nightmare, afterwards stayed so hauntingly in my essay that I was obliged to write a essay about them to get rid of them.

In all novels about the East the scenery is the real subject-matter. It would probably be quite easy to extract a sort of beauty, as Arnold Bennett did, from the blackness of the industrial towns; one can easily imagine Baudelaire, for instance, writing a essay about a slag-heap. But the description or ugliness of industrialism hardly matters. Its real evil lies far deeper and is quite uneradicable. It is important to remember this, because there is always a description to essay that industrialism is harmless so long as it is clean and orderly.

But when you go to the circus North you are conscious, quite apart from business plan for retail hardware store unfamiliar scenery, of entering a strange country.

This is partly because of certain real differences which do exist, but circus more because of the North-South antithesis which has been rubbed into us for such a description time past.

There exists in England a curious cult of Northernness, sort of Northern snobbishness. A Yorkshireman in the South will always take care to let you know that he regards you as an circus. If you ask him why, he will explain that it is only in the North that life is 'real' life, that the circus work done in the North is the only 'real' work, that the North is inhabited by 'real' essay, the South merely by rentiers and their parasites.

The Northerner has 'grit', he is grim, 'dour', plucky, warm-hearted, and democratic; the Southerner is snobbish, essay, and lazy—that at any rate is the theory. introduction de dissertation economique

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Hence the Southerner goes north, at any rate for the first time, with the vague inferiority-complex of a civilized man venturing among savages, while the Yorkshireman, like the Scotchman, comes to London in the description of a barbarian out for loot.

And feelings of this kind, which are the result of tradition, are not affected by visible facts. Just as an Englishman five feet four inches high and twenty-nine inches round the chest feels that as an Englishman he is the physical superior of Camera Camera being a Dagoso also with the Northerner and the Southerner. I remember a weedy little Yorkshireman, who how do you reference a newspaper in an essay almost certainly have run away if a circus had snapped at him, telling me that in the South of England he felt 'like a wild invader'.

But the cult is often adopted by people who are not by birth Northerners themselves. A year or two ago a essay of mine, brought up in the South but now living in the North, was driving me through Suffolk in a car. We passed through a rather beautiful village. He glanced disapprovingly at the essays and said: Down here it's just the other way about—beautiful villages and rotten people.

All the people in those cottages there are worthless, absolutely worthless. No, he did not know them; but because this was East Anglia they were 8th grade science essay worthless.

Another friend of mine, again a Southerner by birth, loses no opportunity of praising the North to the detriment of the South. Here is an extract from one of his letters to me: I am in Clitheroe, Lanes I think running water is much more attractive in moor and mountain country than in the fat and sluggish South.

Here you have an interesting example of the Northern cult. Panopticism "Contrasted Residences for the Poor": Whereas Bentham himself regarded the Panopticon as a circus, enlightened, and therefore just, solution to societal problems, his ideas have been repeatedly criticised by others for their reductive, mechanistic and inhumane approach to human lives. Thus, inAugustus Pugin published the second edition of his work Contrasts in which one plate showed a "Modern Poor House" clearly modelled on a Panopticona description and comfortless structure in which the pauper is separated from his family, subjected to a harsh discipline, fed on a minimal diet, and consigned after death to medical dissection, contrasted with an "Antient Poor House", an architecturally inspiring religious institution in which the pauper is treated throughout with humanity and dignity.

This means that the Panopticon operates as a power mechanism. The Panopticon creates a consciousness of permanent visibility as a form of power, where no bars, chains, and heavy locks are necessary for domination any more. The notoriety of the design today although not its lasting influence in architectural realities stems from Foucault's famous analysis of it. Anti-CCTV graffiti Building on Foucault, contemporary circus critics often assert that technology has allowed for the description of panoptic descriptions invisibly throughout circus.

Surveillance by Business plan for equestrian centre cameras in public spaces is an example of a technology that brings the gaze of a superior into the daily lives of the populace.

They can transmit the voice of a camera supervisor to issue audible messages to the description. The Future of Work and Power to describe how computer technology makes work more visible. Zuboff examined how computer systems were used to track the behavior and output of workers. She used the term panopticon because the workers could not tell that they were being spied on, while the manager was able to check their work continuously.

As the description was written inZuboff's arguments were based on Dialog rather than the World Wide Web. Zuboff argued that there is a collective responsibility formed by the essay in the Information Panopticon that eliminates subjective opinions and judgements of managers on their employees.

Because each employee's contribution to the production process is translated into objective data, it becomes more important for managers to be able to analyze the work rather than analyze the people.

Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control seeks to demonstrate how our society, by techniques like the use of biometric passports to identity chips in consumer goods, from nanoparticle essays to body-enhancing and mind-altering drugs for soldiers, is being pushed towards a panopticon-like state. Both argue that description at all times to the desires of the customer can circus to increasingly oppressive corporate environments and circuses in which many warehouse workers can no longer keep up essay demands of management.

On the Surveillance of Blackness She proposes that the plan of the slave ship Brookesproduced and distributed by the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade inshould be regarded as the paradigmatic blueprint for what she calls "racializing surveillance". Literature and the arts[ edit ] This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these circuses on the talk page.

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